Which of the following is NOT a core principle of Universal Design for Learning?

• A. Multiple means of representation.
• B. Multiple means of action and expression.
• C. Multiple means of engagement.
• D. Universal grading standards.

Answer: (D)

Universal Design for Learning centers on structuring instruction so all students can access and demonstrate learning through flexible options in three areas: representation, action and expression, and engagement. Representation means presenting information in multiple ways (text, visuals, audio, etc.) so students can choose how they prefer to learn. Action and expression covers the different ways students can respond and show what they know—through writing, speaking, drawing, or hands-on work. Engagement focuses on keeping learners motivated and involved with options that connect to their interests, offer choices, and support collaboration.

Universal grading standards are not part of these core principles. Grading policies are separate from the design of learning experiences, whereas UDL emphasizes providing diverse paths for both access and demonstration of learning. The other three options align directly with UDL’s three guiding categories.